Genetics

Three 2026 studies read metabolism in MS from three different materials. Roostaei and colleagues sequence 1,075 transcriptomes across six sorted blood cell states and find oxidative phosphorylation only as a coordinated module, below the gene-level threshold, with MS risk loci enriched in one T cell module while polygenic scores fit none. Borsch and colleagues sequence 71,459 spinal fluid cells, find a mixed metabolic profile in macrophage-like cells in progressive disease, then separate the groups with soluble TREM2. Ellmeier and colleagues find PKM2 levels identical in patients and controls, and the difference only in its monomer form.