Genetics

This post compares four Mendelian randomization studies (2023-2025) testing whether circulating and vitamin D metabolites causally affect multiple sclerosis risk. It covers a 571-metabolite screen implicating serine, lysine and ketone bodies alongside a lipoprotein effect that reverses sign with particle size; convergent pyrimidine-metabolism signals from two independent panels, one of them upstream of the teriflunomide target; a colocalisation analysis that overturns a metabolite other sensitivity tests had cleared; and vitamin D subtype estimates set against an uninformative calcium result. It closes on shared-data non-independence, lenient instrument thresholds, European-only ancestry, and two testable next steps.