Genetics

This post covers Badawi and colleagues' 2026 Inflammopharmacology review on immunometabolic reprogramming in multiple sclerosis. It walks through the mTOR/HIF-1-alpha glycolytic program versus the AMPK-driven oxidative program, how the lesion environment converts regulatory T cells into IL-17-producing effectors, and the energetic account of remyelination failure in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, microglia, and neurons. It then examines the review's reinterpretation of nine MS drug classes with the evidence grades attached, four direct and four hypothetical, the way the paper qualifies its own dichotomies against single-cell data, and the stage-dependence problem in which glycolysis inhibition may help relapsing disease while harming progressive disease.